北极星储能网讯,5月27日,工信部对于国家标准《电动汽车用动力蓄电池安全要求》征求意见,此次征求意见稿对于动力电池安全要求大幅提升,测试方法也更为严苛。编制说明指出,随着新能源汽车保有量快速增加,电动汽车起火事故仍时有发生。通过对近年来电动汽车安全事故的经验总结,行业对于动力电池在实际应用场景下的失效机制也有了进一步的认识。基于此对国家标准修订完善,进一步提升安全要求,筑牢动力电池安全底线,维护消费者生命财产安全。
在本文件范围内电动汽车用动力蓄电池单体、电池包或系统导致的危险是指:
——泄漏,可能导致电池系统高压、绝缘失效间接造成人员电击、电池系统起火等危险;
——起火,直接烧伤人体;
——爆炸,直接危害人体,包括高温烧伤,冲击波伤害和爆炸碎片伤害等;
——电击,由于电流流过人体而引起的伤害。
编制说明指出,行业调研显示,截止至2024年2月,已有78%的企业已具备“不起火、不爆炸”技术储备,基于上述情况,研究组一致认为将热扩散要求提升至“不起火、不爆炸”具备技术可行性。
![10001.png](https://img01.mybjx.net/news/UploadFile/202405/6385266087356288223305359.png)
图1. 企业“不起火、不爆炸”技术储备情况统计
从测试执行角度,需要明确热扩散“不起火、不爆炸”的观察时间。
表1:GB 38031中系统级别测试项观察时间
![10002.png](https://img01.mybjx.net/news/UploadFile/202405/6385266087358289516534604.png)
根据行业调研情况,90%企业认为只要电池单体发生了热失控,即使不发生热扩散,也应发出报警信号。因此,要求只要触发热失控,无论是否发生热扩散,均需要提供报警信号。另外,标准中对热事件报警信号的发出时间也作了要求,即“报警信号的发出时间应不晚于触发电池热失控之后的5min”。
在触发方法方面,研究小组经过充分研究讨论,对现有的针刺、外部加热方法进行了修改,同时新增内部加热方法作为热失控触发方法进行补充。
针刺触发方法中,将针刺速度由“0.1mm/s~10mm/s”改为“0.1mm/s~1mm/s”,补充了针刺停止条件:直至热失控,或者针刺深度达到触发电池单体的90%。另外,为了尽可能避免由于针刺孔排气而影响到试验结果,标准中对电池包针刺孔位置的密封要求也作了补充。
表2:加热片规格说明及使用指南
研究小组分别选用额定能量~550Wh的三元电池(NCM)与磷酸铁锂电池(LFP)电池作为试验对象,并以300W加热功率对电芯进行加热,试验结果如图2。实验结果显示,NCM电池在32s内发生热失控,额外注入能量<0.5%,监控点温度在触发前温升<0.5℃。LFP电池可在90s内发生热失控,额外注入能量<1%,监控点温度在触发前温升<0.5℃。
![10003.png](https://img01.mybjx.net/news/UploadFile/202405/6385266087360156558291267.png)
(a) NCM电池
![10004.png](https://img01.mybjx.net/news/UploadFile/202405/6385266087363495811047929.png)
(b) LFP电池
基于表2中推荐的加热片参数条件,研究小组统计了LFP/NCM电池包样品中采用内加热触发方法的验证情况,见表5。统计结果表明,在不同容量及体系的电池包样品中,内加热均可成功触发电池热失控。
表5:不同电池包产品的内加热方法表现统计
![截图_20240530101925.png 截图_20240530101925.png](https://img01.mybjx.net/news/UploadFile/202405/6385266140187794488084588.png)
c)判定逻辑
在将内加热触发方法作为推荐方法之后,标准中规定的触发方法扩大到三种。试验时,制造商可自行选择其中一种触发方法,也可自行选择其他方法来触发热失控。当采用推荐的三种触发方法均未触发热失控,则认为电池产品无法被触发热失控,试验通过;若电池单体发生了热失控,则应观察电池包或系统在不晚于热失控发生后的5min内是否发出热事件报警信号,如未发出,则判定试验失效;如发出热事件报警信号,则应观察①电池包或系统是否发生起火、爆炸,② 烟气在报警信号发出之前,以及之后5min内是否进入乘客舱,若以上任一种情况发生,则认为试验失败,只有两种情况均未发生,则可判定试验通过要求。
![10005.png](https://img01.mybjx.net/news/UploadFile/202405/6385266087363095421047929.png)
图5. 热扩散试验判定流程图
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